Which vehicles are required to have a ground crewman present when driving on an active airfield?

The requirement for all vehicles operating on an active airfield to have a ground crewman present stems from safety and operational protocols necessary to maintain clear communication and situational awareness in a busy and potentially hazardous environment. An active airfield is a dynamic setting where aircraft movements, ground operations, and other vehicular activities are happening simultaneously. A ground crewman serves as an essential point of contact to facilitate coordination between vehicle operators and flight operations, helping to prevent collisions and ensuring compliance with airfield regulations.

Having a ground crewman present enhances safety by allowing for immediate communication of changes in the environment, potential hazards, or instructions from air traffic control. This requirement applies universally to ensure that all vehicles, regardless of their type or purpose, are operating under strict safety protocols to minimize the risk of accidents and maintain an efficient flow of operations on the airfield.

The other choices reflect types of vehicles that might have specific roles or purposes on an airfield, but they do not encompass the comprehensive safety need that necessitates having a crewman for all vehicles. Only having ground crew for emergency response vehicles or commercial transportation vehicles would create gaps in safety protocols, leaving other operational vehicles at risk.